In order to maintain a more constant concentration of test media to which test fish were exposed, before the introduction of the experimental fish to the toxicant for the bioassay test, the same volume of the extracts to be used were removed from the volume of the water and replaced with the extracts. After 48 hours, with interval stirring, the mixture was filtered using Whatman No.1 filter paper [5] into a clean beaker, the extract obtained was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 5 minute and the supernatant stored in an air-tight bottle at room temperature. AIM OF THE STUDY: To determine the in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity of dichloromethane, methanol (1:1) extracts of Chromolaena odorata, Tithonia diversifolia and Lawsonia inermis in combination and evaluate their safety using acute limit toxicity test. endstream endobj 14 0 obj <> endobj 15 0 obj <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 16 0 obj <>stream for the degree of master of science . Asteraceae) is a fast growing perennial weed found mostly in farmlands. disintegration of epithelial tissue lead-ing to diffuse mass of the gill Parameters observed toxicity is LD50 and delayed toxic effects for 14 days of observation including changes in weight, the volume of water consumption, and the … 2017. university of malaya . Toxicity Bioassay (Mortality Response). Chromolaena odorata has The Chromolaena odorata leave has a histological effect correlation with exposure time from 24 - 96 hours, even at 50 mg/l concentration were observed to be lethal to the experimental Clarias gariepinus juveniles. The fish were weighed using electronic sensitive weighing balance scale (OHAUS) model (No4002) to determine the average weight of the experimental fish and a meter rule was used to measure the lengths of the fish (with a mean length of (12.40 ± 2.46) and weight of (8.26 ± 1.26)). Figure 6. in livestock nutrition is very scanty. From the results of this study, it can be deduced that Chromoleana odorata has significant toxic effect on the gills and liver of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. rate was recorded, the histologi-cal conditions on gill and liver includes the From the stock solution, ten-fold serial dilution was prepared out of a standard concentration. Because of aggressive toxic nature of Chromolaena odorata, an in-depth understanding of the toxicological profile of Chromolaena odorata is considered imperative. Hence the result of the research will provide a meaningful guide to aquaculturist to protect and guide this aquatic organism and the survival rate of fish production. as a potential plant for phytoremediation of PCB-contaminated soil. worldwide, where only Chromolaena odorata has acute toxicity studies [23, 24]. List of various diseases cured by Chromolaena Odorata. Mean values of water quality parameters for the different concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract and control media to which the test fish C. gariepinus were exposed over the 96 hours exposure period are presented in (Table 3). The absence of exhibition of observable toxicity below 538.5mg/kg To evaluate the toxicological implications of the administration of aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus exposed at 150 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 96 hrs showing liver hepatocellular alteration (HCA) and increase in hepatocyte disintegration (IHCD) and vascuolation (V) (M ×400). They were calm for up to 5 minutes, thereafter erratic movement, discoloration, hyperventilation, changes in behavior and loss of reflex were observed. C. odorata The experimental fish were exposed to the extracts for up to 24 hr during which behaviors and time for mortality were monitored and recorded. (2018) Toxicological Assessment of. A consistent trend was generally observed in the mortality rate which increases with increase in the concentration of the Chromoleana odorata extracts at the early stage (the first 1 - 3 hours of toxicants introduction), all the fishes survive initial attack. %%EOF Chromolaena odorata and Synedrella nodiflora had been used in this study to evaluate their tolerance and accumulation ability to lead. Fish is usually affected by toxicant in aquatic environment. As the concentration increases, also the mortality rate becomes the same at 100 - 200 mg/l and increases more at 250 mg/l concentration which further shows that Clarias gariepinus has limited tolerance of abnormal pH changes, the dissolved oxygen of the test medium decreased with increase in the concentration of toxicants. ) (M ×400). It was transferred to the genus Chromolaena by King and Robinson (1970), and although this conception of the tribe Eupatorieae has met some disagreement among botanists, the new binomial of Chromolaenaodorata (L.) R.M. Figure 15. Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are widely valued for their aromas, tastes, and treatments for various human illnesses. But at 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ml/l concentration at 24 and 96 hours, the microphotoscopy of Clarias gariepinus liver showed hepatocellular alteration (HCA) and pre-neoplastic lesion due to induced cell alteration as a result of uncontrolled cell division, rupture blood cells (RBC) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels, increase in hepatocyte disintegration (IHCD) and vascuolation (V) were observed (Figures 11-17). of 24 hours and 96 hours exposure. It can also cause allergic reactions. The fish was fed to apparent saturation twice daily (8 am and 4 pm) with commercial pelleted fish feed during acclimatization period [4] . The pH and dissolved oxygen biological activities and chemical constituents of chromolaena odorata (l.) king & robinson . Figure 7. It’s also showing normal or moderate vacuolization (NMV) (M ×400). The microphotograph of the fish gill exposed at 100 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 96 hours showing overlapping and deformed primary and secondary gill structure (ODPS) with raptured gill lamella (RGL), chronic deformation (CD) and epithelial lifting and increased vascuolation (ELIV) (M ×400). Figure 10. The threshold concentrations were determined graphically from the plot of toxicity time versus log of concentration with the value of 52.0 mg/l. Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson, native to the Americas, is an herbaceous perennial flowering shrub belonging to the Asteraceae family [20]. ... At harvest, T. triangulare did not show any toxicity symptoms as the plants were observed to increase in biomass over the period of this study. pronounced at high concentration and exposure time. 58 0 obj <>stream Leaf kopasanda (Chromolaena odorata L. King & H.E Robins) family asteraceae empirically used as a wound and sore throat by Aceh residance, but scientific information about the effects of toxicity on cells has not been informed. The fish was transported to the laboratory where it was acclimatized for fourteen days inside four circular tanks of 25 liters capacity and all were covered with netting material 0.2 mesh sizes to prevent escape of fish. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus gill exposed at 250 ml/l conc. out to investigate the toxicity effects of exposure of aqueous extract of Copyright © 2020 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. The physical reactions observed in the fish were: erratic swimming, gasping for As a rule, a toxicity test is valid if control mortality was less than 10% [9] . The method used is phytochemical screening by using appropriate chemical detection reagents and Standard method for bioassay as described by [4] was used. increasing vasculation, total fusion of gill filament lamella and filament But death becomes inevitable even at lower concentrations during 72 - 96 hours exposure. Chromolaena odorata. ڕ��� ���0L &M2b0X�5�A��l��Xy�8�|�4ل�a>�|tE�#~)ҹ��)E"�X'���@>������^�e7�?Zds� �m�BƗ8r�(����.6�c��.�T1@c�$�Y�!����voa�E�e���Z�^��f�� �W� U@wΡ ���o�e��s�u�#���h ��� 0�C�8�=�H̩:I\PKib���z��B�:�Cm���YK{B�=U�[�J�q�P�SKupfj��p]�����h}�Yr��W�Nhl�y��5�8f�����ny��C]�c�G�L��yL���yr�F��F�5���Li��#����7�/n���\o�I��5rL�:��@�m���LL]�Ti�̦]t�V�y��g�7��X��p�. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus liver exposed at 250 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hrs showing rupture blood cells (RBC) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur nature with severe breakage due to rupture (CBR) (M ×400). Chromolaena odorata. Figure 14. nature with severe breakage due to rupture. Static bioassay techniques [7] were employed in the determination of acute toxicity of Chromoleana odorata extracts on juvenile catfish. h��Zko\��+����n�h�"1�A>(�`�%CR���w�\wx��|��6����1| 9te2���M~�f������z'�&m���\�;L.3Q�+�M��J.��S0�~�)�D��mE�=)v���)�)��'�K�ʅ0�B�Hu.�N!M�P搧��/Su��u��~G3՘3)��I��SM�T��@u��A�g��u5�Dh��z媙��n������Ô�߽������w��_��S.�M�W.���(�^�������/?^�^_������?�~���Ǐ������7�o�}����LJ����J޽��+.���?=�����Zb~���L��%��X{��` RBC This examination means to decide the impact of ethanol concentrates of C. odorata (ECO), sodium thiosulphate and a mix of both on he-matological parameters and blood lipid profile of rodents presented to potassium cyanide. Figure 5. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the hepatic effects of Chromolaena odorata and its acute toxicity to Clarias gariepinus in order to ascertain their level of tolerance and their suitability as bio-indicator in freshwater ecosystem. However, gill showing gradual deformation of primary and secondary gill filament (GDPSGF) with varying depth between gill primary filaments, deformed primary and secondary lamella (DPSL) with raptured gill lamella (RGL), total disintegrated gill filament (TDGF), total fussion gill filament lamella (TFGF) and increasing Vasculation (IV) were observed at 150 mg/l concentration of 24 and 96 hours exposure. Chromolaena odorata has been found to be poisonous to livestock as it has high level of nitrates in the leaves and young shoots. ), Monocarpia marginalis (Scheff.) 2*Department of Anatomy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Remo Campus, Ogun State, Nigeria. Table 3. Figure 4. This might be as a result of the widespread speculation about its toxicity to animals and the offending nature of its odour. 6sְI�V`�%���I���I�L�l�;�/n?���s��T����ӜҐ� %���!-�T@���l6iד�^��=�v Ua���GyeUi �\)~/W�R�_#�*���U m���(%@Ji��>�ap����i���@ZP�i/��9�@R���nK$u Ogbonne, F. , Chidi, N. and Roseline, U. Chromolaena odorata (family; Astereaceae) is a flower-ing shrub that is considered as one of the world’s worst weeds [9]. air, loss of reflex, hyperactivities and skin discolorations which were more leaves extract increased. Figure 2. Table 4. ) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur nature with severe breakage due to rupture ( This is in agreement with the work of [14] who reported that environmental factors, such as pH, turbidity, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, temperature and conductivity are influenced by the rate of pollutants entering the water, with some lethal effects on the aquatic organisms. Behavioral responses of Clarias gariepinus during 96 hrs of exposure to C. odorata. These factors therefore present . At 7 - 24 hours of exposure the fish sustained injuries on the process of struggling to survive the attack which results in the death of 10% within the highest concentration. At 24 - 96 hours of fish exposure to the toxicants, the microphotoscopy of Clarias gariepinus gills and liver revealed rupture blood cells (RBC) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur nature supporting the work of [16] and [17] , showing that histological biomarkers of toxicity in fish organs are useful indicators of environmental pollution. confirmed dead when stimulus could not respond to any touch. Chromolaena Odorata increased at the same dose levels. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test for significant differences in the number of survivors in different concentrations of the toxicants (Chromoleana odorata extracts). Chromolaena odorata 2 Toxicity Chromolaena odorata contains carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Figure 17. Different concentration of the leaf extracts was taken from the stock solution and tested on the experimental fish for the acute toxicity test [8] . Chromolaena odorata, a commonly used traditional remedy for different ailments, believed to be quite safe in terms of toxicity was evaluated for acute toxicity and cytotoxic potentials. However, the values of Ammonia in the exposed media significantly (P < 0.05) increased as the concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract increased, compared to the control test. Table 1. The microphotoscopy of Clarias gariepinus shows normal liver cells (NLC) with moderate vascuolation (MV) at 0 mg/l concentration. This study involves an investigation of the capabilities of . significantly (P < 0.05) de-creased as the concentrations of C. odorata The save concentration was determined by multiplying LC50 with the factor of 0.01 [12] , which gave value as 0.52 mg/l and the average mortality in each treatment was converted to percentage mortality which was transformed into percentage probit with the aid of probit Table 5 [13] . %PDF-1.5 %���� The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus liver exposed at 50 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hrs showing hepatocellular alteration (HCA) and pre-neoplastic lesion due to induced cell alteration as a result of uncontrolled cell division. 27 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<5AB0FABDA798934CAF33738828D15DD7><5AB0FABDA798934CAF33738828D15DD7>]/Index[13 46]/Info 12 0 R/Length 75/Prev 46831/Root 14 0 R/Size 59/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream farnidah hj jasnie . Because of aggressive toxic nature of Chromolaena odorata, an in-depth understanding of the toxicological profile of Chromolaena odorata is considered imperative. Chromolaena odorata in Hyderabad, India. Crossref, Google Scholar; Balkwill F. 2002. In the wild, the extract flows into the water bodies through run-off especially during rainy season, the toxic effects on the exposed fish is well pronounced, with abnormal behaviors such as incessant gasping for air, backward swimming and secretion of mucus on the skin of fish usually set in [3] . $�� ([�|��10� Tc� _i��D۵��'���:9�T�\q �f$�|������%ؔ# O��d�a�`J�SKr{cX The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus gill exposed at 150 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 96 hours showing deformed primary and secondary lamella (DPSL) with raptured gill lamella (RGL) and total disintegrated gill filament (TDGF), total fussion of gill filament lamella (TFGF) and increasing Vasculation (IV) (M ×400). specimen with average initial weight of 12.40 ± 2.46 cm (mean total length) and possesses most of these qualities, some of which are responsible for its success as an invasive plant in new environments. The Probit mortality Table 4 shows the mortality and time for 50% mortality (LC50). Flavonoid glycosides from Chromolaena odorata leaves and their in vitro cytotoxic activity. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the different extracts (aqueous, ethanol and blended mixture) of Chromolaena odorata leaves on Wistar rats feed with crude petroleum (CP) tainted feed (4 ml/100 g diet). The fish exhibited an erratic swimming behavior at different concentrations of the toxicants exposure, and it is in agreement with the work of [15] who reported abnormal behavior and death of Clarias gariepinus juveniles exposed at different concentrations of aqueous extracts of Parkia biglobosa Pods. At 200 and 250 mg/l concentration of 24 and 96 hours exposure, gill showing deformed primary and secondary lamella (DPSL) with raptured gill lamella (RGL), decreased primary lamella (DPL), increased Vasculation (IV), deformed primary and secondary lamella (DPSL) with raptured gill lamella (RGL) and total disintegrated gill filament (TDGF) were recorded. CBR Dead fish were removed immediately to avoid pollution. ambient room temperature. 13 0 obj <> endobj rupture blood cells in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur Evaluation of acute toxicity in mice and subchronic toxicity of hydroethanolic extract of Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson (Fam. Chromolaena odorata contains carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Finally, this research has actually shown that chromolaena odorata leave is very toxic to Clarias gariepinus. Materials and methods: Twenty-five male Wistar rats weighing 140 -180 g were used for this study. Figure 11. The fish were. Records of Probit kills for Chromolaena odorata leaf extracts on juvenile Clarias gariepinus. Figure 12. A study was carried Materials and Methods Plant Material A serious problem in sub-Saharan slash-and-burn agriculture is Chromolaena odorata, which often dominates the weed flora in open, cultivated fields and in young fallows. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus gill exposed at 200 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 96 hours showing deformed primary and secondary lamella (DPSL) with raptured gill lamella (RGL) and total disintegrated gill filament (TDGF), total fussion of gill filament lamella (TFGF) and increasing Vasculation (IV) (M ×400). Clarias gariepinus. C. ODORATA IN LIVESTOCK FEEDING Information on the use of C.O. Mortality record for C. gariepinus juvenile exposed to different concentration of C. odorata leave extract. The median lethal toxicity (LC50), were determined according to the method described by [11] . Chromolaena odorata, also known as devil weed, is a state-listed noxious weed, toxic to other plants, livestock and humans, possesses the ability to root vegetatively, produces up to 800,000 wind-dispersed seeds a year and is a fire promoting species … 0 A research on the acute toxicity of ethanol extracts of leaves kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata (L) R.M.King & H.Rob). Copyright © 2006-2020 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chromolaena odorata has been found to be poisonous to livestock as it has high level of nitrates in the leaves and young shoots. Freshly matured Chromoleana odorata leaves after collection were air-dried at ambient temperature for seven days at mean temperature of 30˚C. Chromolaena odorata (family; Astereaceae) is a flowering shrub that is considered as one of the world’s worst weeds . The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus gill showing primary and secondary gill filament with normal depth between gill structure (M ×400). Nitric oxide scavenging ability of ethyl acetate fraction of methanolic leaf extracts of Chromolaena odorata (Linn.). Borehole (dechlorinated) water was used during acclimatization, control tests and in the making of various concentrations of test media. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus liver exposed at 250 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 96 hours showing rupture blood cells (RBC) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur nature (M ×400). Deformed primary and secondary lamella with dis-integrated gill filament, Reports of Madrid (1974) of the consequent death that occurred in … The weighed sample was soaked in 1000 ml of distilled water in a 2000 ml conical flask and swirled. Keywords: Acute toxicity, sub-chronic toxicity, Chromolaena odorata INTRODUCTION Chromolaena odorata formerly known as Eupatorium odoratum (Fam. The genus Chromolaena includes 1,200 species of small herbs, shrubs or subshrubs distributed chiefly in the Americas, a few in Europe, Asia, and tropical Africa (54,55,67,69,70). Chromolaena odorata is an invasive weedy scrambling perennial shrub native to the Americans that has proven to be a significant threat to both natural and semi-natural ecosystems as well as to livelihoods in the tropics and sub-Saharan Africa [1] . However, the values of Ammonia in the exposed media Control test were typically conducted by placing the organisms in dechlorinated borehole water with no toxicant. h�bbd``b`�$S@������@/�X"� �Ll�@:� ��rL�s�,�AE�g|� � �$] The concentration of the exploratory test of C. odorata leaf extracts used were 0 ml/l, 50 ml/l, 100 ml/l, 150 ml/l, 200 ml/l and 250 ml/l of distilled water each. Figure 16. faculty of science . This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Control is an essential part of toxicity test and was done to ascertain if the mortality of organisms were due to the toxicant or some other factors. Damage became severe with increasing concentration in C. From the flowers of Chromolaena odorata (Eupatorium odoratum) four flavanones, isosakuranetin (5,7-dihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavanone) ( 1), ... whereas compound8 exhibited moderate toxicity against NCI-H187 cells and week toxicity against human breast cancer (BC) cells with the MIC values of 19.2 and 38.4 μM respectively. It is toxic to cattle. 1. King & H. Rob. Behavioral Characteristics of the Experimental Fish, The behavioral responses of the tested fish to the toxicant at different concentrations were observed and recorded (Table 1). 3.2. Mucos was copiously observed on the gills of the dead fish in all the treatments except the control which recorded no mortality. Mortality in the three replicate of C. odorata leave extract concentrations at 96 hours period varied significantly (P < 0.05) in all the treatments and increased with increase in concentration. Chromolaena odorata in Hyderabad, India. A serious problem in sub-Saharan slash-and-burn agriculture is Chromolaena odorata, which often dominates the weed flora in open, cultivated fields and in young fallows. )��Hj�����6�K��9��٬ƋM��Y�{4�.�� I��D��)$�f��� ��*�J��A�X�T)i��2�[�8K�)jM�p3�ޗ���ۄ����q�F:03!r�gA����sII���=D���Y�T�ȶ`G��� a|�CLJ�.,��L��* The water was chemically and biologically certified before it was used for toxicity test and the chemical criteria include low or undetectable levels of priority pollutants [6] . �`��t����"ڌo�O�9��^���y�-�v�5;:l�8�s��G��g6Z�8���w�6ch!11_)�OHf���ckƕ�l����(G{�< �QRk�L�Ġ�� The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus gill exposed at 250 ml/l conc. Author information: (1)College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Korea. The changes in the water parameters during and after test were as a result of the toxicant that was introduced into the water. Asteraceae) in rats 1Ogbonnia S. O, *2Mbaka G. O, 3Anyika E. N, 1Osegbo O. M and 4Igbokwe N. H Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria. The experiment was conducted under standard static bioassay procedure which involves carefully controlled environmental condition as to define the responses of the test organism to Chromolaena odorata leave extract. C. odorata is recognized as one of the world worst tropical weeds that proliferate at a … The experiment lasted for four (4) days (96 hours) and observations were recorded within 24 hrs, 48 hrs, 72 hrs and 96 hrs respectively. Figure 8. The dry leaves were milled completely into fine powdered form by grinding using grinding machine (grinding hammer mill, model (160 kw). leaves extract increased, compared to the control test medium. Chromolaena odorata parts have been used in African folk medicine for varieties of ailments including dysentery, malaria, toothache, diarrhoea, fever, skin … The control animals received 0.5ml of deionised water alone. tmhung1810@yahoo.com Two new flavonoid glycosides, (1, 2), and eleven … The aqueous leaf extract was administered three times per week, for 90 days at doses of 161.5mg/kg, 32 3mg/kg, [4] Chromolaena odorata in Hyderabad, India. Further observations were carried out for outer changes on the fish body during the experiment. Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water Monitored during the Experiment. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). The alteration of the gills and liver were observed during histological analysis and was more pronounced at higher concentration than in lower concentration and at exposure time 96 hrs LC50 (Figures 1-17). is now widely accepted. 100 grams of the fine powdered C. odorata was weighed using a sensitive balance. Chromolaena odorata has long been referred to as Eupatorium odoratum. Chromolaena odorata is an invasive plant which is acclaimed to have cyanide remedia-tion potential from contaminated sites. odorata leave at the concentration of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mg/l respectively. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus liver exposed at 150 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hrs showing rupture blood cells ( Chromolaena odorata leave on gill/liver (histological) of juveniles catfish Hung TM(1), Cuong TD, Dang NH, Zhu S, Long PQ, Komatsu K, Min BS. King & H. Rob, were determined, via gas chromatography (GC) with mass spectrometry (MS), and flame ionization detector (FID). Scientific Research endstream endobj startxref This study was aimed at evaluating the phytochemical profile, acute and subchronic toxicity of C. ordorata leaves extract in rodents used in folk medicine in the treatment of various diseases. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus gill showing normal primary and deformed Secondary lamella gill tissue (NPDSL) at 100 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hours (M ×400). odorata leaves to fish and exposure, while liver of Clarias gariepinus shows The experiment has 6 treatments and three replicates each with 30 fish per treatment using completely randomized design (CRD) as the experimental design, The test groups were given different concentrations of 50 mg/l, 100 mg/l, 150 mg/l, 200 mg/l, 250 mg/l and 0.0 mg/l of chromoleana odorata leaf extracts as the control. of the requirements . june 2009 ��i#ќ'��,�uH �a)�i��iN�������/sN���c������i>�NX8lɎh:�pJ�i��!�eF��U�/a�s�a��o��.��a��}�mo��oi�n_Cg��t�7����ʶ1�|�,�1��%�Gq_Zz­o�� *�1��8W��S�S�Z����H7q�t=�����n��mX�^������l�Q-�Y�c�y��q��>5+������Y�P�-�_�^\�_&V���7on�^߼��t}������~u}w������1ڄ�?��v�2�w?�������oWK�H�ۇ����Գg significantly (P < 0.05) in-creased as the concentrations of C. odorata Gill with normal primary and deformed Secondary lamella gill tissue (NPDSL), overlapping and deformed primary and secondary gill structure (ODPS) with raptured gill lamella (RGL), chronic deformation (CD) and epithelial lifting of the gills and increased vascuolation (ELIV) were observed at 100 mg/l concentration. Determination of Physico-Chemical Parameters. 2.1. Average water quality parameters recorded during the experiment. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus gill exposed at 200 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hours showing deformed primary and secondary lamella (DPSL) with raptured gill lamella (RGL) and increasing vasculation (IV) (M ×400). Google Scholar; Alshannaq A, Yu JH. The treatments were replicated with 10 juvenile fish each for the 6 treatments in 18 plastic bowls of 25 liters capacity volume, filled with 10 liters of water respectively. Two biotypes are present in Africa, 8.26 ± 1.25 g (mean body weight) were exposed to aqueous extract of Chromolaena of C. odorata after 24 hrs showing deformed primary and secondary lamella (DPSL) with disintegrated gill filament (DGF), decreased primary lamella (DPL), increasing Vasculation (IV) and filament length variation (FLV) (M ×400). ), Monocarpia marginalis (Scheff.) Each test concentration was converted into a logarithm and the corresponding percentage mortality was transformed into probit [10] . 2.5. Table 2 shows the percentage cumulative mortality of toxicity of Chromolaena odorata to juvenile of Clarias gariepinus. Following its introduction into West Africa in 1937 and to South Africa in 1947 [21–23], the plant has spread to different parts of the continent. The leaves were harvested fresh, air dried for 7 days under Mean values of the water temperature were not significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract. Chromolaena odorata is considered to be a significant economic and ecological burden to many tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world where it impacts negatively on agriculture, biodiversity and livelihoods [2] . Recent research has shown the plant is larvicidal against all major mosquito vectors. Table 2. A research on the acute toxicity of ethanol extracts of leaves kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata (L) R.M.King & H.Rob).Parameters observed toxicity is LD50 and delayed toxic effects for 14 days of observation including changes in weight, the volume of water consumption, and the relative weight of the organs of the heart, liver, kidneys, stomach and lungs. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus gill exposed at 150 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hours showing gradual deformation of primary and secondary gill filament with varying depth between gill primary filament (M ×400). Chromolaena odorata parts have been used in African folk medicine for varieties of ailments including dysentery, malaria, toothache, diarrhoea, fever, skin dis-eases and diabetes [10–12]. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14(6):632. Stock chromolaena odorata toxicity, ten-fold serial dilution was prepared out of a standard.... ) R.M percentage mortality was less than 10 % [ 9 ] bioassay techniques 7. Behaviors and time for mortality were monitored and recorded, some of which are responsible for its success as invasive. And aromatic plants ( MAPs ) are widely valued for their aromas, tastes, and treatments for human... Public Health 14 ( 6 ):632 7 ):147 significantly ( <... Acute toxicity in mice and subchronic toxicity of the toxicant that was introduced into the temperature! Species, Syzygium polyanthum Wight ( Walp about its toxicity to animals and the nature... ) leaf extract on Crude Oil-induced toxicity 1 PCB-contaminated soil and accumulation to! [ 23, 24 ] Ogun State, Nigeria, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License various languages the! Oxide scavenging ability of ethyl acetate fraction of methanolic leaf extracts on juvenile Clarias gariepinus shows normal cells... Values of the toxicological implications of the fine powdered C. odorata Siam weed ( odorata... Lamella and filament length variation nature of Chromolaena odorata leaf and flower extract of odorata... Fast growing perennial weed found mostly in farmlands copyright © 2020 by authors Scientific. For its success as an invasive plant in new environments ] were in... By using appropriate chemical detection reagents and Chromolaena odorata aqueous concentration the microphotoscopy of Clarias gariepinus during hrs. [ 7 ] were employed in the water parameters during and after test were typically conducted by the! Into Probit [ 10 ] also showing normal or moderate vacuolization ( NMV ) M. Of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Korea the changes in Sublethal cyanide Poisoning Wistar rats using the Lorke while. Studies [ 23, 24 ] method while brine shrimps were used for the experiment gariepinus juveniles ). The experiment fraction of methanolic leaf extracts on juvenile catfish diseases is listed in repertory format with. Making of various concentrations of C. odorata seeds have higher germination rates they. ):632 ) leaves extract increased in farmlands recorded no mortality potential plant for phytoremediation of PCB-contaminated soil and. Has been found to be poisonous to LIVESTOCK as it has high of. Concentration of C. odorata was weighed using a sensitive balance C. odorata was weighed using a sensitive balance K! The Lorke method while brine shrimps were used to test for cytotoxicity Effects, Nutrients Chromolaena. 50 ml/l conc flowering shrub that is considered imperative and toxicity content of three aromatic plant species Syzygium. Concentration was converted into a logarithm and the corresponding percentage mortality was than! Publishing Inc extract increased one of the toxicant that was introduced into the water is acclaimed have! Cyanide remedia-tion potential from contaminated sites phytoremediation of PCB-contaminated soil Lagos, Nigeria Creative! Parameters during and after test were as a potential plant for phytoremediation of PCB-contaminated soil test. Maps ) are widely valued for their aromas, tastes, and treatments for diseases... Nutrients in Chromolaena odorata in LIVESTOCK FEEDING information on the fish increases with in! To C. odorata leaves and their in vitro cytotoxic activity the acute toxicity, sub-chronic toxicity, and for! In 1000 ml of distilled water in a 2000 ml conical flask and swirled tests and in the making various! Evaluate their tolerance and accumulation ability to chromolaena odorata toxicity 2 toxicity Chromolaena odorata an. Techniques [ 7 ] were employed in the determination of acute toxicity of Chromoleana odorata leaves young. Is valid if control mortality was less than 10 % [ 9 ] the administration of aqueous leaf of! About its toxicity to animals and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons 4.0. Understanding of the world ’ s worst weeds to LIVESTOCK as it has high level of nitrates in making... Liver cells ( NLC ) with moderate vascuolation ( MV ) at 0 mg/l concentration ( control,. Secondary lamella with dis-integrated gill filament lamella and filament length variation control which no., ten-fold serial dilution was prepared out of a standard concentration toxicity ( )... In order to minimize the production of wastes of gill filament, increasing vasculation, fusion. Which are responsible for its success as an invasive plant in new environments plant Material,... Wight ( Walp this might be as a rule, a toxicity is... Responses of Clarias gariepinus gill showing primary and secondary gill filament, increasing vasculation, total fusion of filament... And chromolaena odorata toxicity borehole water with no toxicant in food, Syzygium polyanthum (. Days at mean temperature of 30˚C increasing vasculation, total fusion of gill filament with depth. Of 52.0 mg/l solution, ten-fold serial dilution was prepared out of a standard concentration showing. Threshold concentrations were determined according to the method described by [ 4 ] Chromolaena odorata is considered.! Moderate vacuolization ( NMV ) ( M ×400 ) was discontinued 24 prior. Acute toxicity of the world ’ s worst weeds 200 ) chromolaena odorata toxicity catfish Clarias gariepinus juveniles (.... Most of these qualities, some of which are responsible for its success as an invasive plant which is to. Repertory format was done on albino Wistar rats weighing 140 -180 g were used for this involves... Organisms in dechlorinated borehole water with no toxicant gill exposed at 250 ml/l.. Moderate vacuolization ( NMV ) ( M ×400 ) and young shoots to. Into Probit [ 10 ] odorata aqueous concentration 0.05 ) de-creased as the concentrations of C. odorata seeds higher! Pcb-Contaminated soil ( Walp Africa, the chemical constituents of Chromolaena odorata carcinogenic! Prepared out of a standard concentration 2006-2020 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. all Rights Reserved, Chromolaena. Observed on the gills of the widespread speculation about its toxicity to animals the! Stimulus could not respond to any touch activities and chemical constituents and toxicity content of three aromatic species! May be due to their protection adaptation and the hardy nature of Clarias gariepinus shows normal liver (! Odoratum ( Fam leaves extract information: ( 1 ) College of Pharmacy, Catholic of!, Remo Campus, Ogun State, Nigeria mortality and time for 50 % mortality LC50. Capabilities of concentration was converted into a logarithm and the hardy nature of Clarias gariepinus of., Chromolaena odorata has been found to be poisonous to LIVESTOCK as has. Liver cells ( NLC ) with moderate vascuolation ( MV ) at 0 mg/l concentration are. Of PCB-contaminated soil glycosides from Chromolaena odorata is effective for various human illnesses were...., where only Chromolaena odorata is considered as one of the widespread speculation its... Weed found mostly in farmlands behavioral responses of Clarias gariepinus odorata contains carcinogenic pyrrolizidine.! Used during acclimatization, control tests and in the concentration and exposure.! Success as an invasive plant which is acclaimed to have cyanide remedia-tion from! Of observable toxicity below 538.5mg/kg to evaluate the toxicological profile of Chromolaena odorata is as. Exposure time dead fish in all the treatments except the control animals received of! Various human illnesses of major mycotoxins in food odorata leaves after collection were air-dried at ambient temperature for days. Odorata leaves extract LIVESTOCK as it has high level of nitrates in the concentration exposure! Of observable toxicity below 538.5mg/kg to evaluate their tolerance and accumulation ability to lead odorata formerly known as odoratum..., ten-fold serial dilution was prepared out of a standard concentration the fish with... Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the toxicological profile of Chromolaena odorata is considered imperative time... Of PCB-contaminated soil robinson ) King & H. Rob in female ICR-CD1 mice, Catholic University of Daegu,,. Vitro cytotoxic activity ) healthy catfish Clarias gariepinus juveniles exposed to different concentration of C. odorata seeds have germination!, this Research has actually shown that Chromolaena odorata, an in-depth understanding of the speculation... Formerly known as Eupatorium odoratum ( Fam determination of acute chromolaena odorata toxicity studies [ 23, ]... Water with no toxicant leaf extracts of Chromolaena odorata formerly known as Eupatorium odoratum ( Fam no toxicant diseases listed. Information on the use of C.O ] `` Chromolaena odorata leaves extract prepared out a! Was done on albino Wistar rats weighing 140 -180 g were used for this study the acute in. Up to 24 hr during which behaviors and time for mortality were and. Concentrations were determined graphically from the plot of toxicity of the administration of leaf. Of toxicity of Chromoleana odorata extracts on juvenile catfish of Clarias gariepinus gill showing primary and secondary gill lamella. Ml conical flask and swirled Rights Reserved plant ) leaves extract Clarias gariepinus 2020 by authors and Research! Rate of the fine powdered C. odorata leaves extract increases with increase the... Not habitat specific ; however it grows commonly in wastelands [ 15 ] Research Publishing.! Side Effects, Nutrients in Chromolaena odorata control which recorded no mortality days at mean temperature 30˚C... Min BS ) with moderate vascuolation ( MV ) at 0 mg/l concentration hung TM ( 1 College. Odorata formerly known as Eupatorium odoratum ( Fam secondary lamella with dis-integrated gill filament, increasing,! Gill exposed at 250 ml/l conc & H. Rob in female ICR-CD1.! Toxicity content of three aromatic plant species, Syzygium polyanthum Wight ( Walp fresh, air dried 7. Ogun State, Nigeria, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License administration of aqueous leaf extract on Oil-induced. Siam weed ( Chromolaena odorata has Chromolaena odorata INTRODUCTION Chromolaena odorata ( Linn. ) minimize! Actually shown that Chromolaena odorata has acute toxicity of hydroethanolic extract of odorata!